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A Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) capacitor is a fundamental structure used extensively in semiconductor device technology, particularly in the fabrication of integrated circuits and MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors). The MOS capacitor consists of three layers: a metal gate, a dielectric oxide, and a semiconductor substrate.
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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Boronium Ionic Liquids for High-Voltage Supercapacitors.

Whirang Cho1, Christopher D Stachurski1, Zachary G Neale2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States.

ACS Applied Engineering Materials
|January 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Boronium ionic liquids (BILs) offer high electrochemical stability for energy storage. Pyrrolidinium-based BILs demonstrate excellent performance in supercapacitors, showing high power density and durability for advanced electrochemical energy storage applications.

Keywords:
boroniumcarbon nanofoamhigh power densityionic liquid (ILs)supercapacitor

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Boronium ionic liquids (BILs) are a novel class of electrolytes known for their high electrochemical stability due to cation charge delocalization.
  • BILs possess a large voltage window, making them highly attractive for electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices.
  • Carbon nanofoam paper (CNFP) is utilized as a high-performance electrode material in supercapacitors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically evaluate a series of BILs as electrolytes in symmetric double-layer capacitors with CNFP electrodes.
  • To assess the electrochemical performance, including voltage window, capacitance, energy density, and power density, of BIL-based supercapacitors.
  • To investigate the long-term stability and temperature dependence of BIL electrolytes in supercapacitor applications.

Main Methods:

  • Supercapacitor cells were assembled using CNFP electrodes and various BIL electrolytes.
  • Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was employed to determine the operational voltage window and capacitive properties.
  • Galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) cycling was used to evaluate capacitance, energy density, power density, and cycling stability.

Main Results:

  • All tested BILs, including ammonium-, imidazolium-, and pyrrolidinium-based types, exhibited excellent capacitive behavior with nearly rectangular CV curves.
  • The methylpyrrolidinium-substituted BIL ([ (1-m-pyrr)-N111BH2 ]-TFSI) showed superior ionic conductivity (1.82 mS cm−1 at 25 °C) and a wide operating voltage window of approximately 3.7 V.
  • Supercapacitors achieved significant energy density (16.3 Wh kg−1 at 36.4 W kg−1) and high power density (up to 13.9 kW kg−1), with over 90% capacitance retention after 1000 cycles.

Conclusions:

  • Boronium ionic liquids demonstrate significant potential as electrolytes for high-performance supercapacitors.
  • Pyrrolidinium-based BILs, particularly the methylpyrrolidinium derivative, offer a promising combination of ionic conductivity, voltage stability, and energy/power density.
  • The supercapacitors exhibit excellent cycling durability and thermal resilience, confirming their suitability for demanding electrochemical energy storage applications.