Three-dimensional models for type 2 diabetes study

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and β-cell dysfunction. It is a complex disease involving the interaction of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models provide substantial advantages over conventional 2D models for the study of biology, disease, and medicine. Current 3D models include spheroids, organoids, and organ-on-chip systems. The use of 3D models has become increasingly popular in T2D research. These models allow for the visualization and manipulation of complex biological systems, providing insight into the underlying mechanisms of the disease. They have been employed to study various aspects of T2D, including β-cell function, insulin secretion, and glucose metabolism. This review aims to summarize the current state of 3D models for T2D research, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and future directions.