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Using virtual reality to understand gun owner decision-making.

Cassandra K Crifasi1, William Wical1, Ethan C Bartlett1

  • 1Department of Health Policy and Management, Center for Gun Violence Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.

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Summary

Virtual reality (VR) simulations reveal that gun owners aim to de-escalate tense public carrying situations. Their intervention decisions in VR scenarios depend on perceived risks, offering insights for training where access to firing ranges is limited.

Keywords:
decision-makingfirearmfirearm ownerssafety trainingvirtual reality

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Science
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Firearms Training

Background:

  • Many states are removing firearms training requirements, leaving gun owner behavior and decision-making under-examined.
  • Nearly 70% of gun owners support mandatory concealed carry license testing for safe weapon use.
  • The study addresses the need to understand gun owner behavior in public carrying contexts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess virtual reality (VR) as a tool for examining gun owner behavior and decision-making during public carrying.
  • To explore how gun owners navigate scenarios involving potential threats in a controlled VR environment.
  • To evaluate the realism and utility of VR for simulating public carrying situations.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a novel VR system with a firing range and public-space scenarios (shoplifting, armed robbery).
  • Participants completed scenarios, followed by semi-structured interviews exploring actions, decisions, and system perceptions.
  • Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded to identify key themes.

Main Results:

  • Participants aimed to avoid weapon use to de-escalate tensions in both scenarios.
  • Intervention intentions during a robbery scenario were influenced by perceived risks of harm.
  • Despite minor system distractions, participants reported their VR actions reflected real-life intentions.

Conclusions:

  • This is the first study using immersive VR to test gun owner behavior in public carrying scenarios.
  • VR simulations demonstrated that non-player character actions and the presence of other firearms influenced participants' gun use.
  • VR offers a low-risk environment for evaluating and potentially teaching safe public carrying practices, especially when traditional training access is limited.