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Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Establishment and Characterization of Three Afatinib-resistant Lung Adenocarcinoma PC-9 Cell Lines Developed with Increasing Doses of Afatinib
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[Modern Approaches to Anti-EGFR Therapy].

E V Dudkina1, A I Nadyrova1,2, S A Luginskaya1

  • 1Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008 Russia.

Molekuliarnaia Biologiia
|January 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is crucial for cancer therapy. This review explores anti-EGFR drugs, resistance mechanisms, and novel combination strategies, including ribonucleases (RNases), to enhance antitumor efficacy.

Keywords:
EGFRbinasedrug resistanceepidermal growth factor receptormonoclonal antibodiesribonucleasestyrosine kinase inhibitors

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is vital for cell growth, survival, and proliferation.
  • Dysregulation of EGFR pathways drives cancer development, progression, and metastasis.
  • EGFR is a primary target for developing anticancer drugs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current anti-EGFR therapies and their limitations.
  • To discuss mechanisms of acquired resistance to EGFR-targeted drugs.
  • To explore combination strategies and novel agents for improved cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on anti-EGFR therapies.
  • Analysis of drug resistance mechanisms in EGFR-targeted cancer treatment.
  • Evaluation of combination treatment strategies and emerging agents like RNases.

Main Results:

  • Several generations of anti-EGFR drugs (monoclonal antibodies, TKIs, immunotoxins) have been developed.
  • Acquired resistance and KRAS mutations limit therapeutic response.
  • Combination therapies and agents like RNases show promise for overcoming resistance.

Conclusions:

  • EGFR-targeted therapies are essential but face challenges from drug resistance.
  • Combination strategies are crucial for enhancing the efficacy of anti-EGFR treatments.
  • Ribonucleases (RNases) represent a promising class of novel antitumor agents.