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Non-Targeted and Targeted Analyses Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Detecting Fungal Spoilage in Red

Eunji Choi1, Hyang Sook Chun2, Joong Hyuck Auh2

  • 1Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea.

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This study developed a reliable method to detect fungal spoilage in red pepper powder (RPP) using advanced metabolite analysis. The technique accurately identifies spoiled RPP, ensuring food safety and preventing economic fraud.

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NTARPPfree fatty acidsfungal spoilagetargeted analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Food Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Plant Pathology

Background:

  • Red pepper powder (RPP) is susceptible to adulteration with fungal-spoiled product for economic gain.
  • Fungal contamination compromises RPP quality and safety, posing risks to consumers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an integrated analytical approach for detecting fungal spoilage in RPP.
  • To identify specific non-polar metabolites indicative of fungal contamination.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for non-targeted analysis (NTA) and targeted analysis (TA) of non-polar metabolites.
  • Applied partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to differentiate between unspoiled and spoiled RPP samples.
  • Quantified key fatty acids identified as spoilage markers.

Main Results:

  • NTA revealed significant differences in free fatty acid profiles between unspoiled and spoiled RPP (p < 0.05).
  • Palmitic, linoleic, and oleic acids were identified as key markers for fungal spoilage, with significantly elevated levels in spoiled samples (p < 0.05).
  • The method successfully detected spoilage at a minimum of 2.5% (w/w) in blind tests, even in mixed samples.

Conclusions:

  • The integrated NTA and TA approach provides a reliable and sensitive method for detecting fungal spoilage in RPP.
  • This method supports food safety monitoring, quality control, and prevention of economic fraud in the RPP industry.
  • Findings offer practical applications for manufacturers, laboratories, and regulatory agencies to ensure RPP authenticity and safety.