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Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

The Tumor Microenvironment

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells

Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells

Published on: March 7, 2025

Systemically inducing trained immunity overcomes solid tumors' immunosuppressive microenvironment.

Bram Priem^1,2,3, Lisa Willemsen⁴, Tom Anbergen^1,3

¹Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.

Science Advances

|January 1, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Trained immunity combats cancer

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Oncology
Nanomedicine

Background:

Hematopoietic bone marrow progenitors contribute to cancer-induced immunosuppression.
Trained immunity, induced by nanomedicine, can enhance checkpoint blockade therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how trained immunity induction overcomes the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
To explore the systemic effects of trained immunity on cancer immunity.

Main Methods:

Utilized a melanoma mouse model.
Employed single-cell sequencing to analyze tumor-infiltrating immune cells.
Assessed combination therapy in breast, lung, and pancreatic cancer models.

Main Results:

Observed functional shifts in the hematopoietic system mirroring tumor microenvironment changes.
Demonstrated a transition of tumor-associated macrophages from immunosuppressive to antitumorigenic phenotypes.
Showcased mobilization of natural killer cells and activation of T cells through combination therapy.

Conclusions:

Systemic induction of trained immunity rebalances the immune system.
This approach enhances the efficacy of checkpoint blockade therapy across multiple cancer types.