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Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments
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Discrepancy between self-reported and performance-based attention.

Ana Lucia Taboada Gjorup1, Andreza Maia1, Guilherme Janeiro Schmidt1

  • 1Post-Graduate Program in Neurology, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

Journal of Affective Disorders
|January 1, 2026
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Summary

Depression significantly impacts attention self-evaluation, leading individuals to overestimate attentional problems. This study found no correlation between subjective and objective attention measures, but Major Depressive Episode strongly predicted overestimation.

Keywords:
AttentionMajor depressive episodeMetacognitionNeuropsychologyPHQ- 9

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Subjective and objective attention assessments often show discrepancies.
  • Little is known about how these discrepancies vary across attention subdomains or are influenced by depressive symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Examine agreement and correlation between self-reported attention and performance-based measures.
  • Investigate the impact of Major Depressive Episode (MDE) on attention discrepancies.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of 475 employees and students.
  • Used Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression and Continuous Visual Attention Test (CVAT) for attention.
  • Assessed agreement (Cohen's κ), correlations (Spearman's ρ), and predictors of discrepancy (quantile regression).

Main Results:

  • No agreement or significant correlations between subjective and objective attention measures.
  • MDE participants showed significantly higher discrepancy scores, with 73% overestimating complaints.
  • Depression severity was the strongest predictor of overestimation.

Conclusions:

  • Depressive symptoms are strongly linked to a negative self-evaluation of attention.
  • Individuals with depression tend to overestimate attentional difficulties despite objective performance.