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Related Concept Videos

The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.

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Spinal Spheroids as Screening Platform for Peripheral Neuropathies.

Elizabeth H Jacobs1,2, Jessica Medina3, Christopher Yanick1

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|January 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developing novel preclinical models is crucial for axonopathy therapies. This study presents a 3D human motor neuron culture system (spinal spheroids) for studying axonal growth and transport.

Keywords:
Charcot-Marie-Tooth diseaseHigh content imagingInduced pluripotent stem cellsMotor neuronsNeuropathySpinal spheroids

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Effective disease-modifying therapies for axonopathies are lacking.
  • Existing 2D neuronal cultures do not adequately model directional axonal growth needed for studying length-dependent processes like peripheral neuropathies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an optimized human preclinical model for studying axonal morphology and physiology.
  • To create a 3D motor neuron culture system suitable for investigating axonopathies.

Main Methods:

  • Human induced pluripotent stem cells were differentiated into motor neurons.
  • Motor neurons were purified and cultured in suspension to form spinal spheroids.
  • Axons were grown radially from plated spinal spheroids for analysis.

Main Results:

  • A robust 3D human motor neuron culture platform was established.
  • Axons grew radially at ~200 micrometers/day, reaching lengths up to 1 cm.
  • The system supports morphological analysis, protein expression studies, and axonal transport imaging.

Conclusions:

  • Three-dimensional spinal spheroids provide a superior model for studying axonal biology compared to 2D cultures.
  • This platform facilitates research into axonopathies and the development of new therapies.