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Negative learning behavior in small private online courses (SPOCs): findings from PLS-SEM and fsQCA

Jing Liu1, Zhisen Zhang2, Xuwei Zhou3

  • 1School of Management, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.

Frontiers in Psychology
|January 2, 2026
PubMed
Abstract

Keywords:
MOOCSEM-fsQCASPOCintegrated modelnegative learning behavior

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