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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways01:29

Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Somatic sensory or somatosensory pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry information related to touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain. These pathways involve several stages of processing and integration of sensory information.
The somatosensory system is divided into three main pathways: the dorsal (or posterior) column-medial lemniscus, spinothalamic (or anterolateral), and spinocerebellar pathways.
The dorsal...
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

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Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
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Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Peripheral Artery Disease IV: Nursing Management01:26

Peripheral Artery Disease IV: Nursing Management

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 The nursing management of a patient with peripheral artery disease (PAD) begins with a thorough assessment of the patient’s health history and clinical manifestations.AssessmentHealth History: Evaluate the patient’s history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, family history of cardiovascular issues, and lifestyle factors such as dietary patterns, smoking, and physical activity.Physical Examination:Assess the affected extremity for decreased or absent peripheral pulses,...
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Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

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HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: current progress and future challenges.

Isaac J Gamez1, Ajay Pal2, Connor Haines1

  • 1John Sealy School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.

Neuroimmune Pharmacology and Therapeutics
|January 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

No FDA-approved treatments exist for HIV-associated sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN). Further research is crucial to understand HIV-SN mechanisms and develop effective treatments for patients living with HIV.

Keywords:
HIVHIV-associated sensory neuropathyantiretroviral therapyneuropathypainpathways

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • HIV-associated sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN) is a significant clinical challenge.
  • Current management relies on adjusting antiretroviral therapy (ART), with no specific FDA-approved treatments.
  • Understanding the pathogenesis of HIV-SN is critical for developing targeted therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of HIV-SN.
  • To summarize recent advancements in HIV-SN research.
  • To explore the interplay between HIV-SN and ART in peripheral neuropathy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent developments in HIV-SN.
  • Emphasis on the HIV-SN mouse model and intraepidermal nerve fiber denervation.
  • Summary of neurotoxic side effects of ART.

Main Results:

  • Recent progress in understanding HIV-SN mechanisms.
  • ART can have neurotoxic side effects contributing to peripheral neuropathy.
  • Synergistic interactions between HIV-SN and ART in disease pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Elucidating the exact mechanisms of HIV-SN is essential.
  • Improved treatments are needed for patients living with HIV.
  • Further research can lead to better management of HIV-SN as a chronic condition.