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  3. Additively Manufactured Bioreactors For Scaffold-coupled Electrical Stimulation.
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  3. Additively Manufactured Bioreactors For Scaffold-coupled Electrical Stimulation.

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Additively Manufactured Bioreactors for Scaffold-Coupled Electrical Stimulation.

Mone't Sawyer1, Hailey Burgoyne2,3, Enrique Lopez4

  • 1Biomedical Engineering Doctoral Program, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States.

ACS Applied Bio Materials
|January 2, 2026

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel bioreactor for precise electrical stimulation (ES) in 3D cell cultures. The system enhances cellular response analysis in electroactive microenvironments.

Keywords:
3D cell cultureadditive manufacturingbioreactorelectrical stimulusgraphene foam

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cellular Electrophysiology
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • In vitro electrical stimulation (ES) platforms often lack precision and scalability for 3D bioscaffolds.
  • Current methods struggle with real-time monitoring and compatibility with complex cellular environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a modular bioreactor system for controlled, low-voltage ES delivery.
  • To enable real-time waveform monitoring and live cell imaging within 3D bioscaffolds.
  • To provide a reproducible and accessible tool for studying ES-driven cellular behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of bioreactor components using low-cost stereolithography with BioMed Clear resin.
  • Integration of conductive graphene foam for scaffold-coupled ES.
  • Validation through mechanical, chemical, and cytocompatibility analyses.
  • Electrical measurements and live cell calcium imaging.

    • Main Results:

    • Printed components demonstrated high dimensional accuracy and retained integrity post-sterilization.
    • The system supported >90% cell viability.
    • Electrical measurements confirmed signal fidelity under physiological conditions.
    • Calcium imaging showed a >230% fluorescence increase, indicating a robust cellular response to ES.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed bioreactor system offers a precise, scalable, and compatible platform for ES research in 3D microenvironments.
    • This technology facilitates the investigation of cellular responses to electrical cues in electroactive tissues.
    • The modular design and low-cost fabrication enhance accessibility for researchers in the field.