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Related Concept Videos

Additional Subnuclear Structures02:10

Additional Subnuclear Structures

The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals. 
The nucleus contains many membrane-less subnuclear organelles or nuclear bodies, such as nucleoli, Cajal bodies, speckles, paraspeckles, etc. These nuclear...
Additional Subnuclear Structures02:10

Additional Subnuclear Structures

The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals. 
The nucleus contains many membrane-less subnuclear organelles or nuclear bodies, such as nucleoli, Cajal bodies, speckles, paraspeckles, etc. These nuclear...
Rocket Propulsion in Gravitational Field - II01:03

Rocket Propulsion in Gravitational Field - II

A rocket's velocity in the presence of a gravitational field is decreased by the amount of force exerted by Earth's gravitational field, which opposes the motion of the rocket. If we consider thrust, that is, the force exerted on a rocket by the exhaust gases, then a rocket's thrust is greater in outer space than in the atmosphere or on a launch pad. In fact, gases are easier to expel in a vacuum.
A rocket's acceleration depends on three major factors, consistent with the equation for the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...
Reduced Mass Coordinates: Isolated Two-body Problem01:12

Reduced Mass Coordinates: Isolated Two-body Problem

In classical mechanics, the two-body problem is one of the fundamental problems describing the motion of two interacting bodies under gravity or any other central force. When considering the motion of two bodies, one of the most important concepts is the reduced mass coordinates, a quantity that allows the two-body problem to be solved like a single-body problem. In these circumstances, it is assumed that a single body with reduced mass revolves around another body fixed in a position with an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions
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Published on: June 16, 2014

GSI-ESA-NASA Nuclear Cross-section Database: Update I. Addition of Proton-projectile Reaction Cross-sections.

Francesca Luoni1, Reka Szabo2,3, Daria Boscolo2

  • 1Analytical Mechanics Associates, Hampton, VA.

Health Physics
|January 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study evaluated proton-projectile nuclear reaction cross-section models for radiation transport. The Tripathi99 and Hybrid-Kurotama models demonstrated the best fit for proton data, crucial for space radiation protection and ion therapy.

Keywords:
ion therapynuclear reaction cross-sectionsproton-projectile cross-sectionsradiation protection in spaceshielding in spacespace exploration

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear physics
  • Radiation transport modeling
  • Space science

Background:

  • Accurate nuclear reaction cross-sections are essential for radiation transport codes.
  • Proton data is critical for space radiation protection and ion therapy applications.
  • Existing nucleus-nucleus databases lack comprehensive proton-projectile data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate and compare proton-projectile nuclear reaction cross-section models.
  • To identify the most accurate models for radiation transport simulations involving protons.
  • To improve the reliability of simulations for space radiation and ion therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Collected and analyzed proton-projectile nuclear reaction cross-section data.
  • Compared experimental data against established models: Tripathi-Cucinotta-Wilson, Hybrid-Kurotama, Kox, Shen, and Kox-Shen.
  • Assessed model performance based on data fitting.

Main Results:

  • The Tripathi99 and Hybrid-Kurotama models showed the best agreement with proton-projectile data.
  • These models provide improved accuracy for simulations involving proton radiation.
  • The study highlights the importance of proton data in radiation transport.

Conclusions:

  • The Tripathi99 and Hybrid-Kurotama models are recommended for radiation transport codes involving protons.
  • Enhanced accuracy in proton cross-section modeling benefits space radiation protection and ion therapy.
  • Further inclusion of proton data in databases is crucial for advancing these fields.