The cell biologist's guide to detecting and modulating membrane phospholipids

Molecular biology has benefited enormously from repurposed tools-many enzymes and antibodies evolved for other functions but are now essential for interrogating biological function by manipulating proteins or nucleic acids. In contrast, lipids have remained technically difficult to visualize or manipulate in cells. This review introduces tools that bring lipid biology into reach for molecular cell biologists, using familiar experimental approaches. We first describe adaptations of immunofluorescence and live-cell imaging of fluorescent molecules to track lipids. Then, we discuss tools for manipulating lipid levels, including pharmacologic inhibitors, synthetic biology platforms for inducible lipid generation or degradation, and optogenetic systems for precise temporal control. While some methods remain technically demanding, most tools are now broadly accessible. Our goal is to offer a practical framework for integrating lipid biology into mainstream cell biology experiments.