Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

13.2K
The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
13.2K
Infection01:20

Infection

11.6K
When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
11.6K
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

2.6K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
2.6K
Transduction01:16

Transduction

1.1K
Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
1.1K
Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

64.7K
Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
64.7K
Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle01:16

Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle

1.2K
The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
1.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Adaptive multi-model ensembles for improved epidemic projections and decision support.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

Strain-specific differences in the response to egg-derived versus recombinant protein influenza vaccines.

Journal of virology·2026
Same author

Cross-reactive human antibody responses to H5N1 influenza virus neuraminidase are shaped by immune history.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Epidemiological impacts of nonpharmaceutical interventions are modulated by immunity exposure trade offs.

Communications medicine·2026
Same author

Spatio-temporal modelling of in vitro influenza A virus infection: The impact of defective interfering particles on the type I interferon response.

PLoS computational biology·2026
Same author

Assessing the Impact of Timing and Coverage of United States COVID-19 Vaccination Campaigns: A Multi-Model Approach.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness
12:21

A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness

Published on: September 28, 2022

3.0K

Susceptible host dynamics explain pathogen resilience to perturbations.

Sang Woo Park1,2, Bjarke Frost Nielsen3,4,5, Emily Howerton6

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|January 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted pathogen transmission. This study introduces a framework to measure pathogen resilience, predicting when respiratory viruses will return to pre-pandemic patterns, with common respiratory pathogens showing greater persistence.

Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2ecological resilienceinfectious disease modelingmathematical modelingnon-pharmaceutical interventions

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Advanced Enteroid Model for Studying Host-Pathogen Interactions
07:56

Author Spotlight: Advanced Enteroid Model for Studying Host-Pathogen Interactions

Published on: April 5, 2024

2.4K
Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

6.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 7, 2026

A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness
12:21

A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness

Published on: September 28, 2022

3.0K
Author Spotlight: Advanced Enteroid Model for Studying Host-Pathogen Interactions
07:56

Author Spotlight: Advanced Enteroid Model for Studying Host-Pathogen Interactions

Published on: April 5, 2024

2.4K
Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

6.3K

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Disease Dynamics
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Non-pharmaceutical interventions for SARS-CoV-2 disrupted transmission of other pathogens.
  • The return of pathogens to pre-pandemic dynamics after intervention lifting is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a framework for estimating pathogen resilience.
  • To predict the return of common respiratory pathogens to their prepandemic dynamics.
  • To identify factors influencing pathogen resilience and long-term pandemic impacts.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of time series data from Hong Kong, Canada, Korea, and the United States.
  • Development of a framework to quantify pathogen resilience based on epidemic pattern recovery rates.
  • Prediction of pathogen return dynamics and comparison with observed data.

Main Results:

  • A faster rate of susceptible replenishment is associated with greater pathogen resilience and sensitivity to perturbations.
  • Common respiratory pathogens demonstrate higher resilience compared to vaccine-preventable infections like measles.
  • Deviations from predicted return dynamics indicate long-term impacts of pandemic interventions.

Conclusions:

  • Pathogen resilience is a key factor in understanding post-intervention infectious disease dynamics.
  • Common respiratory pathogens are likely to persist due to their resilience.
  • The study provides insights into the long-term consequences of pandemic-related disruptions on infectious disease transmission.