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β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex of d-Limonene: A Promising Biocompatible Formula for Enhanced Wound Healing-In Vitro
Mostafa Fytory1,2,3, Obaydah Abd Alkader Alabrahim1, Abd Elrahman Abouzid4
1Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt.
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A
|January 2, 2026
Summary
Beta-cyclodextrin-encapsulated d-limonene (βCD-d-limonene) enhances wound healing by improving antibacterial activity, reducing inflammation, and promoting tissue regeneration. This novel formulation shows significant potential for advanced wound care applications.
Area of Science:
- Biomaterials Science
- Nanotechnology
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Wound healing is a complex biological process often hindered by infection and inflammation.
- Novel therapeutic strategies are needed to accelerate wound recovery and improve outcomes.
- d-limonene, a natural compound, possesses therapeutic properties but requires formulation for enhanced stability and efficacy.
Purpose of the Study:
- To formulate and characterize beta-cyclodextrin-encapsulated d-limonene (βCD-d-limonene) nanoparticles for wound management.
- To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of βCD-d-limonene against pathogenic bacteria.
- To assess the in vivo wound healing potential of βCD-d-limonene, including its effects on inflammation, tissue regeneration, and gene expression.
Main Methods:
- Synthesis and characterization of βCD-d-limonene inclusion complex.
- Determination of encapsulation efficiency and physicochemical stability.
- In vitro antimicrobial assays (MIC determination) against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
- In vivo wound healing studies in mice, including wound closure rate, histological analysis, and gene expression profiling (IL-6, MMP3, BAX, VEGF, TGF-β1).
Main Results:
- βCD-d-limonene nanoparticles demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency (91.97%) and enhanced stability.
- Significantly improved antibacterial activity of βCD-d-limonene compared to free d-limonene, with a 90-fold reduction in MIC for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
- In vivo studies showed accelerated wound closure, reduced inflammation, and enhanced tissue regeneration in treated mice.
- Gene expression analysis indicated modulation of key inflammatory, apoptotic, and angiogenic markers.
Conclusions:
- βCD-d-limonene is a stable, biocompatible, and highly effective formulation for wound management.
- The inclusion complex exhibits potent antimicrobial and pro-healing properties.
- βCD-d-limonene represents a promising natural platform for advanced wound care and biomedical applications.
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