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A novel cis-element enabled bacterial uptake by plant cells.

Chloé Cathebras1, Xiaoyun Gong1, Rosa Elena Andrade1

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|January 2, 2026
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Scientists discovered a cis-regulatory element (PACE) in the NIN gene promoter, crucial for nitrogen-fixing bacterial symbiosis in legumes. This element enables infection thread formation, a key step in this vital plant-microbe interaction.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Root nodule symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria is limited to a specific plant clade.
  • This suggests unique genetic and trait acquisitions in their common ancestor.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the genetic basis for the evolution of root nodule symbiosis.
  • To investigate the role of the Nodule Inception (NIN) gene in this process.

Main Methods:

  • Identified a novel cis-regulatory element (PACE) in the NIN gene promoter.
  • Tested PACE function in Lotus japonicus mutants and engineered it into tomato NIN promoter.

Main Results:

  • PACE is exclusively found in symbiosis-competent plant clades and is essential for infection thread formation.
  • PACE controls NIN gene expression in specific root cells during nodule development.
  • Engineered PACE restored symbiotic functions in non-legume species.

Conclusions:

  • PACE is a key evolutionary innovation enabling nitrogen-fixing bacterial symbiosis.
  • It links the NIN gene to conserved signaling pathways for intracellular accommodation.
  • This discovery explains the evolution of infection threads, a hallmark of this symbiosis.