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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

A Next-generation Tissue Microarray ngTMA Protocol for Biomarker Studies
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Tumour markers and evidence-based pathology.

Kateryna Maslova1, Magdalena Chechlinska1, Irmina Maria Michalek2

  • 1Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.

Tumour Biology : the Journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine
|January 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Cancer biomarkers show promise in oncology but face limited clinical use due to research and reporting challenges. Improved validation and standards are crucial for translating discoveries into practice.

Keywords:
biomarker validationcancer diagnosticsevidence Gap Maps (EGMs)evidence-based pathologyhierarchy of evidence for Tumour pathology (HETP)personalised cancer caretumour biomarkerstumour classification

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Tumor biomarkers are vital in oncology for diagnosis, classification, and patient management.
  • Clinical application of cancer biomarkers is currently limited despite their potential.
  • Emerging biomarkers, including meta-biomarkers, offer new diagnostic avenues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the development of tumour biomarkers from classical to emerging types.
  • To highlight challenges in biomarker development, reporting, and clinical implementation.
  • To discuss the relevance of biomarkers in evidence-based pathology and cancer classification.

Main Methods:

  • Literature-based analysis.
  • Incorporation of insights from ongoing research.
  • Evaluation of biomarker development and implementation processes.

Main Results:

  • Numerous potential biomarkers and meta-biomarkers are being discovered.
  • Many innovations lack rigorous methodologies and standardized reporting for clinical translation.
  • Significant gaps exist in the validation and implementation of tumour biomarkers.

Conclusions:

  • Improved research, validation methods, and adherence to reporting standards are essential for biomarker utility.
  • A framework, the Hierarchy of Evidence for Tumour Pathology, is proposed for evaluation.
  • The framework aims to identify knowledge gaps and research priorities in biomarker development.