Plant-based metal nanomaterials: green synthesis, biosynthesis mechanisms, biomedical and environmental applications

This review proposed that plants could be used to green synthesis of metal nanoparticles with eco-friendly and wide application. Metal nanoparticles and nanocomposites have garnered significant attention due to their distinctive properties and extensive range of applications. Recently, the utilization of plant-based compounds for the synthesis of metal nanomaterials (MNMs) presents an environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative to nanomaterial production. Plant extracts, abundant in bioactive compounds, could serve as both reducing and stabilizing agents during the synthesis of MNMs. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the green synthesis of MNMs using plant-based materials. Specifically, the biosynthesis process and influencing factors have been described. The green synthesis mechanism with a focus on the roles of effective phytochemical components has been discussed. The utilization of plants for the green biosynthesis of typical MNMs and their applications was briefly summarized. Furthermore, the limitations and challenges of this biosynthesis method have been considered, and further research needs have been proposed. Overall, the employing of plant-based materials for synthesizing MNMs was a sustainable promising method for the green synthesis of MNMs, and its massive application would contribute to the development of nanotechnology and the usage of plant materials.