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Related Concept Videos

Breathing01:05

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The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
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Mechanism of Breathing I: Inspiration01:30

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Introduction to Inspiration: The Respiratory System in Action
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Neural Control of Respiration01:18

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The neural regulation of respiration is a meticulously coordinated process primarily controlled by the respiratory centers located within the brainstem. These centers, composed of specialized neurons, transmit nerve impulses that control the contraction and relaxation of our respiratory muscles.
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There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

A Microfluidic Model of Biomimetically Breathing Pulmonary Acinar Airways
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Breathing Tuned Functionality in Janus Kagome Monolayers.

Kai-Qi Wang1, Jun-Ding Zheng1, Wen-Yi Tong1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.

Nano Letters
|January 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers combined flat bands and valley states in a novel Janus monolayer, Nb3Cl4I4. This material exhibits tunable electronic properties via breathing ferroelectricity, enabling on/off switching and magnetic transitions.

Keywords:
breathing ferroelectricityfirst-principles calculationsflat-band physicskagome latticevalleytronics

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Materials

Background:

  • Flat bands offer heavy electron effective mass and quenched kinetic energy.
  • Valley states act as tunable information carriers at band extrema.
  • These properties are typically mutually exclusive in conventional materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To combine the distinct properties of flat bands and valley states in a single material.
  • To explore the potential of breathing kagome materials for novel electronic functionalities.
  • To investigate the role of ferroelectricity in tuning electronic behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical investigation of breathing kagome Nb3X8 (X = Cl, Br, I) materials.
  • Design and analysis of a Janus monolayer Nb3Cl4I4.
  • Simulations of electronic transport properties under polarization reversal.

Main Results:

  • Successfully combined flat-band correlations and valley properties in Janus monolayer Nb3Cl4I4.
  • Demonstrated room-temperature on/off switching via reversible sublayer electric field (breathing ferroelectricity).
  • Observed temperature-dependent transitions between spin-valley-locked states and flat-band correlation effects.

Conclusions:

  • Breathing ferroelectricity in Nb3Cl4I4 enables dynamic switching between distinct electronic regimes.
  • This work expands the understanding of breathing effects in materials science.
  • The findings pave the way for novel electronic devices utilizing combined flat-band and valley physics.