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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Discovering Middle Ear Anatomy by Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery: A Dissection Manual
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Three-dimensional Printed Trainer in Endoscopic Middle Ear Surgery.

Maaike Jellema1,2, Mijs Buter1,2,3, Esther E Blijleven1,2

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.

Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [And] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology
|January 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a 3D-printed endoscopic middle ear surgery trainer (EEST) that accurately replicates patient anatomy. The EEST shows promise for improving surgical training and hand-eye coordination in otolaryngology residents and surgeons.

Keywords:
3D-printedEndoscopic surgeryEndoscopic surgery trainerMiddle ear surgeryPatient-specific

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Medical Education
  • 3D Printing Technology

Background:

  • Endoscopic middle ear surgery requires specialized training to navigate complex anatomy.
  • Existing training methods may not fully replicate patient-specific anatomical variations.
  • A need exists for affordable, accessible surgical simulators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate an in-house developed, 3D-printed endoscopic middle ear surgery trainer (EEST).
  • To assess the trainer's ability to replicate patient-specific external auditory canal (OEAC) anatomy.
  • To determine the EEST's utility in training surgeons on OEAC variability and improving hand-eye coordination.

Main Methods:

  • The EEST was designed using patient-specific temporal bone imaging data.
  • Five 3D-printed models were fabricated using photopolymer resin with anatomical modifications.
  • Surgical procedures were performed by an experienced surgeon, and the model was validated by multiple surgeons and residents using questionnaires.

Main Results:

  • An experienced surgeon successfully completed all simulated surgical tasks using the EEST models.
  • Scutum resection was necessary in 4 out of 5 simulations, indicating realistic anatomical challenges.
  • The EEST achieved high face validity (mean Likert 3.9) and content validity (mean 4.5) among testers.

Conclusions:

  • The 3D-printed EEST is a promising tool for endoscopic middle ear surgery training.
  • The trainer effectively replicates patient-specific OEAC anatomy and challenges.
  • This study provides a foundation for developing affordable, patient-specific surgical simulators.