Surviving the Patchwork: Habitat Preferences of a Threatened Amphibian in a Fragmented Tropical Landscape

Tropical freshwater ecosystems are severely threatened, endangering evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered species the most. Understanding the habitat preferences of these vulnerable species is crucial for effective conservation. This study investigated the habitat associations of Micrixalus kottigeharensis, an evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered frog, within a mixed-use landscape in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot. We surveyed 67 stream segments across 2500 ha, recording species count and habitat variables, and analysed these relationships using a Generalised linear mixed modelling framework. Our findings showed that stream hydrology, microclimate and land-use together influenced the habitat preferred by M. kottigeharensis. They preferred streams with a greater percentage of emergent substrate and dense canopy cover, emphasising the importance of structurally complex habitats with healthy riparian vegetation. Stream morphology was also an important characteristic, as they preferred riffles and braided channels over other stream types. Furthermore, in the landscape context, they were more abundant in grasslands and forests compared to intensively managed plantations. We also note that their peak activity was observed during the post-monsoon season. These results highlight the critical role of specific habitats in determining the distribution of M. kottigeharensis. Additionally, they provide valuable insights, especially for landowners and managers of agroforests, for targeted habitat management and restoration strategies such as maintaining the natural stream flow, prevention of stream channelisation and mining, and nurturing riparian buffers, aimed at conserving this endangered species.