Endocrine disruptors and children's health

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are environmental contaminants that disrupt hormonal regulation by mimicking, inhibiting, or modifying endocrine signaling pathways. EDCs are commonly present in plastics, pesticides, industrial byproducts, and personal care products and pose substantial health risks, particularly to vulnerable groups such as infants and children. Early-life exposure is especially concerning due to the developing detoxification systems, the immaturity of the blood-brain barrier, and the ongoing organ differentiation, making these periods highly susceptible to EDCs' harmful effects. Moreover, exposure during critical developmental periods, such as sex differentiation and neurodevelopment, can lead to significant long-term developmental impairments that persist into later life. Perinatal and childhood exposure to EDCs has been linked to various adverse health outcomes, including neurodevelopmental delays, impairments in reproductive health, obesity, type 2 diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, and even a heightened risk of certain malignancies. These effects are mediated through various mechanisms, including direct modulation of hormone receptors, disruption of genetic regulation, and interference with endocrine feedback systems. Alterations in endocrine signaling, particularly disruptions in thyroid hormone homeostasis, may also indirectly impair cognitive development, increasing the risk of attention disorders and intellectual impairment. Although regulatory measures to reduce EDC exposure are crucial, current restrictions remain insufficient. Moreover, as new EDCs emerge, ongoing research is essential to understand their risks and develop effective strategies to minimize their potential harm. Protecting future generations requires a proactive approach that combines public health awareness, strong regulations, and ongoing scientific research. This review highlights the potential risks of EDCs exposure in children and highlights the significance of multidisciplinary research and policy efforts.