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Mortar

Mortar

Mortar, a mixture of Portland cement, hydrated lime, sand, and water, is a crucial binding material in construction. Its primary function is to join masonry units together, filling gaps and ensuring a uniform distribution of weight across the structure. This helps in preventing potential weaknesses. Mortar also serves as a protective barrier against environmental elements such as water and wind, thereby safeguarding the interior of the structure. It also compensates for surface irregularities...

Pozzolans

Pozzolans

Pozzolans are siliceous or aluminous materials blended with Portland cement. They interact with the calcium hydroxide produced during the hydration of Portland cement and contribute to improved strength and durability of concrete. The pozzolanic activity, a measure of a pozzolan's effectiveness, is typically assessed using the strength activity index, as defined in ASTM C 618-93, which calculates the ratio of the compressive strength of cement mixtures with and without pozzolan.
Fly ash is a...

Porosity in Cement Paste

Porosity in Cement Paste

The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is critical—it...

Plasticizers

Plasticizers

Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
Plasticizers function by using surface-active agents to create repulsive electrostatic forces between cement particles. This dispersion enhances the concrete's...

Superplasticizers

Superplasticizers

Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...

Additives and Fillers in Concrete

Additives and Fillers in Concrete

Additives and fillers are integral to enhancing the properties of concrete. Pozzolans and blast-furnace slag are additives or admixtures due to their reactions with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration. Fillers, which are finely ground and similar in fineness to Portland cement, improve concrete attributes such as workability density, and reduce capillary bleeding or cracking. Some fillers possess hydraulic properties or participate in benign reactions within the cement paste.
The...

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Updated: May 12, 2026

Strain Sensing Based on Multiscale Composite Materials Reinforced with Graphene Nanoplatelets

Strain Sensing Based on Multiscale Composite Materials Reinforced with Graphene Nanoplatelets

Published on: November 7, 2016

Organoclay/functionalized-graphene dual-filler complex for high-performance polyimide nanocomposites.

Jun Yeon Hwang¹, Ae Ran Lim², Jin-Hae Chang³

¹Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Jeonbuk 55324 South Korea.

|January 5, 2026

Summary

This study introduces novel polyimide (PI) nanocomposite films enhanced with a dual-filler system of clay and graphene. These advanced materials exhibit improved thermomechanical properties and optical transparency for electronic applications.

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Application of a Coupling Agent to Improve the Dielectric Properties of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites

Application of a Coupling Agent to Improve the Dielectric Properties of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites

Published on: September 19, 2020

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Polymer Chemistry
Nanotechnology

Background:

Aromatic polyimides (PIs) are high-performance polymers crucial for electronics due to their mechanical strength and thermal stability.
Enhancing PI properties often requires incorporating fillers, but compatibility issues can limit performance.
Developing hybrid materials with synergistic filler effects is key to advancing PI applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize novel polyimide (PI) nanocomposite films.
To investigate the impact of a dual-filler system (clay and graphene) on PI properties.
To optimize PI hybrid films for enhanced performance in electronic materials.

Main Methods:

Synthesized poly(amic acid) (PAA) using specific dianhydride and diamine monomers.
Prepared a hybrid PAA solution incorporating a novel complex filler (clay and graphene) via solution intercalation.
Thermally imidized PAA hybrid solutions to form PI nanocomposite films with varying C8-complex filler content (0-2.0 wt%).

Main Results:

A novel C8-complex filler, combining octyl-modified montmorillonite and octyl-functionalized graphene, was synthesized for improved PI matrix compatibility.
Systematic investigation of C8-complex filler content (0-2.0 wt%) revealed its significant effects on dispersion, thermomechanical properties, and optical transparency.
The dual-filler system demonstrated synergistic effects, enhancing the overall performance of the PI hybrid films.

Conclusions:

The developed PI nanocomposite films with a dual-filler system show promising potential for advanced electronic applications.
The synergistic interaction between clay and graphene fillers effectively improves the properties of the polyimide matrix.
This study provides a viable strategy for designing high-performance polymer nanocomposites through controlled filler integration.