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Two lock-in amplifiers based 3ω technique: A practical guide for thermal conductivity experiments in bulk samples.

A Henriques1, M Santoma1, S Wirth2

  • 1Laboratory for Quantum Matter under Extreme Conditions, Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|January 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The 3ω technique accurately measures bulk material thermal conductivity above 300 K. This study simplifies its implementation with a user-friendly Python tool for experimental design and analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Thermal Physics
  • Experimental Techniques

Background:

  • Accurate thermal conductivity (κ(T)) determination is vital for material applications.
  • The 3ω technique is suitable for bulk materials at T ≳ 300 K, avoiding radiative loss corrections.
  • Current implementation of the 3ω method is complex and not widely adopted.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide practical support for the rapid and user-friendly implementation of the 3ω technique.
  • To simplify experiment design, execution, and analysis for thermal conductivity measurements.
  • To facilitate the adoption of the 3ω method for bulk materials.

Main Methods:

  • Critical review of the 3ω technique's technical aspects.
  • Development of a Python-based graphical user interface (GUI).
  • Quantitative estimation of temperature profiles based on transducer geometry.

Main Results:

  • The developed GUI enables pre-experiment quantitative estimation of temperature profiles.
  • Optimized experimental design is achievable for various materials.
  • The study offers practical guidance for implementing the 3ω technique.

Conclusions:

  • The 3ω technique can be implemented more easily with the provided GUI.
  • This work lowers the barrier to entry for researchers using the 3ω method.
  • Accurate thermal conductivity measurements in bulk materials are made more accessible.