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Related Concept Videos

Microtubules in Signaling01:22

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The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
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Channel Rhodopsins01:11

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Most organisms use photoreceptors to sense and respond to light. Examples of photoreceptors include bacteriorhodopsins and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria, phytochromes in plants, and rhodopsins in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebral retina. The light-sensitive property of these receptors is because of the bound chromophores, such as bilin in the phytochromes and retinal in the rhodopsins.
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Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

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Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
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Sensory Functions of the Skin01:16

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The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that contribute to the skin's protective function by perceiving physical, biological, and environmental cues and generating relevant responses.
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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Simple Detection of Primary Cilia by Immunofluorescence
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Simple Detection of Primary Cilia by Immunofluorescence

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The nociceptor primary cilium.

Geoffrey K Ganter1,2, Hope C Reveche2,3, Lindsey A Fitzsimons2,3

  • 1School of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA.

Brain : a Journal of Neurology
|January 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The primary cilium, vital for cell function and development, plays a key role in pain signaling. Targeting this cellular structure may offer new avenues for treating chronic pain conditions.

Keywords:
Sonic hedgehogallodyniaciliopathyhyperalgesianociceptorpainprimary cilium

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The primary cilium is a microtubule-based organelle essential for cellular structure and function.
  • It plays a critical role in nervous system development and signaling pathways, with markers like ARL13B and AC3.
  • Dysregulation of primary cilia leads to ciliopathies, affecting multiple organ systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the primary cilium in nociceptor function and pain signaling.
  • To explore the potential of targeting primary cilia for novel pain treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on primary cilia, nociceptors, and pain pathways.
  • Analysis of molecular markers and signaling pathways involved in primary cilium function.
  • Examination of the link between primary cilium dysregulation and pain syndromes.

Main Results:

  • Primary cilia are present in nociceptors and regulate their excitability.
  • Primary cilium-dependent signaling pathways, including Hedgehog and Wnt, are implicated in pain.
  • Cilia dysregulation contributes to pain syndromes.

Conclusions:

  • The primary cilium is a critical regulator of nociceptor excitability and pain.
  • Targeting primary cilia presents a promising strategy for developing novel pain therapeutics.