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Macrolide Resistance and P1 Cytadhesin Genotyping of Mycoplasma pneumoniae during Outbreak, Canada, 2024-2025

Zareen Fatima, Padman Jayaratne, Amjad Arrabi

    Emerging Infectious Diseases
    |January 6, 2026
    PubMed

    Insights

    Macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae remained stable during a 2024-2025 outbreak. However, shifts in P1 genotypes and their resistance rates indicate evolving molecular epidemiology in Ontario.

    Area of Science:

    • Medical Microbiology
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Molecular Epidemiology

    Background:

    • Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a significant respiratory pathogen.
    • Macrolide antibiotics are key treatments for M. pneumoniae infections.
    • Understanding resistance patterns and genetic diversity is crucial for public health.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate macrolide resistance and P1 genotypes of M. pneumoniae.
    • To analyze changes in M. pneumoniae molecular epidemiology during the 2024-2025 outbreak in Hamilton, Ontario.
    • To compare current findings with previous data from 2011-2012.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of M. pneumoniae isolates from the 2024-2025 outbreak.
    • Macrolide resistance testing.
    • P1 genotyping of M. pneumoniae strains.

    Main Results:

    • Macrolide resistance rates remained stable at approximately 10%-20%.
    • Significant shifts in the distribution of P1 genotypes were observed.
    • Changes in macrolide resistance rates were noted across different P1 types.

    Conclusions:

    • M. pneumoniae macrolide resistance shows stability.
    • P1 genotype distribution and associated resistance patterns have changed significantly since 2011-2012.
    • These shifts highlight evolving molecular epidemiology of M. pneumoniae in Ontario.
    Keywords:
    CanadaMycoplasma pneumoniaeP1-genotypeantimicrobial resistancebacteriamacrolide resistancepneumoniarespiratory infections

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