[Advances in injectable and transdermal glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems]

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Materials Science
• Endocrinology

Background:

• Conventional insulin therapy faces limitations including delayed glycemic control and hypoglycemia risk.
• Glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems aim to dynamically sense blood glucose and release insulin on demand.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review recent advances in injectable and transdermal glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems.
• To focus on carrier construction, glucose-responsive release mechanisms, and preparation techniques.
• To highlight improvements in performance, safety, biocompatibility, and patient adherence.

Main Methods:

• Classification of systems based on sensing mechanisms (glucose oxidase, glucose-binding molecules, phenylboronic acid).
• Categorization based on administration routes: injectable and transdermal delivery.
• Systematic review of literature focusing on carrier strategies, release mechanisms, and preparation techniques.

Main Results:

• Injectable systems leverage glucose-responsive carriers for stable bioavailability and compatibility with existing treatments.
• Transdermal systems utilize microneedle arrays for painless, precise insulin delivery.
• Advances focus on enhancing glucose-responsive performance, therapeutic safety, biocompatibility, and patient adherence.

Conclusions:

• Glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems show significant promise for overcoming limitations of conventional therapy.
• Further research and development are needed to address challenges for successful clinical translation.
• These systems offer valuable perspectives for future advancements in diabetes management.