Intra-oral camera utilisation: a multi-perspective study on applications, challenges and future directions

Background Digital technologies are increasingly being used for diagnosing and treating oral diseases, with intra-oral cameras (IOCs) being one such technology. This study aims to explore the applications, challenges and future prospects of using IOCs.Methods This research uses a qualitative focus group design, incorporating five separate groups - comprising 35 participants in total, including 16 dentists, 12 patients, and seven digital technology experts - to explore the various dimensions of IOC usage in Iran. Thematic analysis, following the Braun and Clarke method, is used to analyse patterns and themes associated with applications, challenges and future prospects of using IOCs.Results Six themes were identified regarding IOCs applications, including diagnosis, patient education, documentation, referral, teleconsultation, and student training. Additionally, challenges such as technical issues, financial constraints, the need for training and patient acceptance were noted.Conclusion IOCs enhance diagnostic accuracy, improve patient education, streamline documentation and facilitate communication among the oral healthcare team. However, challenges such as technical issues, high costs and the need for adequate training limit their widespread use. Future advancements, including improved image quality, artificial intelligence integration and enhanced sensor technologies, may enhance IOCs utility in dental practice. Addressing current barriers will be essential for optimising the adoption of IOCs in clinical settings.