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Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol

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Cold Compression and Ischemic Preconditioning With Ice Therapy Enhance Muscle Recovery and Functionality

Robert Trybulski^1,2, Adrian Kużdżał³, Andryi Vovkanych²

¹Medical Department Wojciech Korfanty, Upper Silesian Academy in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.

Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine

|January 6, 2026

Summary

Cold compression (CC) offers superior muscle recovery for athletes compared to ischemic preconditioning with ice (IPCice). CC significantly improved perfusion and reduced soreness, showing practical advantages for mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes.

Keywords:

Combat sports Fatigue Ischemic preconditioning Regeneration Tissue perfusion

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Area of Science:

Sports Medicine
Exercise Physiology
Rehabilitation Science

Background:

Muscle fatigue and soreness are common challenges for athletes.
Effective recovery strategies are crucial for performance and injury prevention.
Cold compression (CC) and ischemic preconditioning with ice (IPCice) are recovery modalities.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the immediate recovery effects of CC and IPCice.
To evaluate their impact on muscle function and markers of fatigue.
To determine the most effective recovery method for mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes.

Main Methods:

Thirty-six amateur MMA athletes were randomized into CC, IPCice, or control groups.
Participants underwent a fatigue-inducing jump rope protocol.
Muscle pain, strength, stiffness, perfusion, and quality of recovery were assessed post-exercise and post-treatment.

Main Results:

Cold compression (CC) significantly improved muscle perfusion and reduced soreness compared to IPCice and control.
CC also led to higher pressure pain threshold (PPT) values.
Some benefits of CC persisted at 48 hours post-intervention.

Conclusions:

Both CC and IPCice enhance recovery after fatiguing exercise.
CC demonstrated superior effectiveness in improving perfusion, reducing soreness, and restoring muscle function.
CC presents a practical advantage over IPCice for MMA athlete recovery.