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Related Concept Videos

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

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Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate.  The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
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Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

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A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
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Twisted Ru Homostructures Enable High-Efficiency Alkaline Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction.

Jiahe Yang1, Dingge Fan1, Zhiyu Cheng1

  • 1Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|January 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Developing new catalysts for alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) is key for anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). Twisted ruthenium homostructures show superior performance, surpassing platinum-based catalysts in fuel cell applications.

Keywords:
anion exchange membrane fuel cellselectrocatalysishydrogen oxidation reaction

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Platinum (Pt) catalysts are essential for hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs).
  • Ruthenium (Ru)-based heterostructures show promise as alternatives but face limitations in active sites and intermediate migration.
  • Developing efficient, non-Pt catalysts is crucial for AEMFC advancement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize novel Ru-based catalysts for alkaline HOR.
  • To overcome the limitations of Ru-based heterostructures by utilizing twisted homostructures.
  • To evaluate the catalytic performance and fuel cell application of the new Ru catalyst.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of twisted Ru homostructures.
  • Characterization of catalyst structure and electronic properties.
  • Electrochemical testing of alkaline HOR activity and fuel cell performance.

Main Results:

  • The twisted Ru homostructures exhibit optimized thermodynamics and enhanced intermediate migration kinetics.
  • The catalyst achieved exceptional alkaline HOR activity with a kinetic current density (jk) of 77.2 mA cm-2 at 50 mV.
  • In AEMFCs, the catalyst reached a peak power density of 1.81 W cm-2, outperforming commercial PtRu/C and Pt/C catalysts.

Conclusions:

  • Twisted Ru homostructures offer a promising strategy to enhance alkaline HOR catalysis.
  • This novel catalyst design overcomes drawbacks of traditional heterostructures.
  • The developed Ru catalyst represents a significant advancement for pure metallic catalysts in AEMFCs.