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Updated: Jan 13, 2026
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Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes
Published on: February 6, 2019
Discovery, bioactivities and biosynthesis of spirooxindole alkaloids
Ruijie Chen1,2, Lihan Zhang1,2, Xiaoyang Zhao1,2
1State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China. zhangqingbo@scsio.ac.cn.
Abstract:
Covering: up to the end of August, 2025Spirooxindole-containing natural products are widely distributed in actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, fungi, plants, and invertebrates and have attracted significant attention due to their intricate chemical skeletons and diverse biological activities. Some of these compounds have made substantial contributions to the human health, particularly in the treatment of the central nervous system disorders and cardiovascular conditions as well as in agricultural applications. Accordingly, their biosynthetic pathways have been extensively investigated. Current studies reveal that cytochrome P450 enzymes and flavin-dependent monooxygenases (FMOs) are the primary enzymes involved in triggering carbocation, radical or epoxidation reactions following semipinacol rearrangement during the formation of spirooxindole. In some cases, spontaneous intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition also yields spirooxindole skeletons. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the discovery and structure of spirooxindole alkaloids (SOAs), together with their bioactivities and distinctive biosynthetic pathways.
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