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Assessment of golf-specific skill performance: a systematic review, 3D visualization, and standardized testing

Xiaoyang Pan1, Kim Geok Soh2, Wan Marzuki Wan Jaafar3

  • 1Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

European Journal of Applied Physiology
|January 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This systematic review reveals golf skill testing gaps, proposing a standardized "target-hitting" framework. This new model addresses underrepresented areas like iron shots and chipping for comprehensive golf performance evaluation.

Keywords:
Exercise testingFrameworkGolf performanceGuidelineSports measurement

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Biomechanics
  • Golf Performance Analysis

Background:

  • Limited research exists on standardized golf performance assessment methods.
  • Existing golf skill testing often focuses on driving and putting, neglecting iron play and chipping.
  • Current assessment methods lack standardization in shot counts and variable selection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review existing golf performance evaluation methods.
  • To visually analyze the design principles and indicator systems of current golf tests.
  • To propose an optimized, standardized testing framework for golf skills.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search following PRISMA guidelines.
  • Inclusion of 13 studies from major scientific databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, etc.).
  • 3D visualization to analyze and present design principles and indicator systems.

Main Results:

  • Existing golf skill assessments are heavily concentrated on driving and putting.
  • Iron and chipping skill evaluations are significantly underrepresented in current research.
  • Lack of standardization in shot numbers and measurement variables, with an overemphasis on biomechanics over the core objective of holing out.

Conclusions:

  • A standardized modular testing framework centered on "target-hitting" is proposed.
  • The framework includes modules for ball-striking zones, target zones, shot distance, and club selection.
  • This adaptable framework offers a scientific reference for golf research, training, and performance evaluation.