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Related Concept Videos

Standard Precaution01:26

Standard Precaution

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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...
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Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:22

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Generic intravenous (IV) drugs are considered bioequivalent to their branded counterparts due to their 100% bioavailability upon administration. However, variations in stability among different drug products can significantly influence their therapeutic performance, even if they are pharmaceutically equivalent.Cefuroxime, a prophylactic antimicrobial, is often used as a single-dose IV injection for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. A 3 g dose typically provides...
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Hand hygiene01:23

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
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PPE Use in Healthcare Settings I: Donning01:22

PPE Use in Healthcare Settings I: Donning

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Donning PPE must be completed before contact with the patient. This process protects from infectious agents. The sequence and action included in each donning are critical, and the steps must be systematic to avoid exposure to pathogens. The institutional policy also needs to be followed while donning PPE. The pre-donning preparations are gathering equipment, inspecting the PPE equipment for tears, holes, or damage, removing jewelry, removing any garments below the elbows, and tying the hair...
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PPE Use in Healthcare Settings II: Doffing01:10

PPE Use in Healthcare Settings II: Doffing

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The sequence of removing or doffing PPE starts with the gloves, as they are the most contaminated. Next is removal of the face shield or goggles, as they would interfere with removing other PPE. Then remove the gown, followed by the mask or respirator. Perform hand hygiene between steps if hands become contaminated and immediately after removing all PPE. Generally, the outside front and sleeves of the isolation gown, the goggles or the mask, the respirator, and the face shield are contaminated.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Author Spotlight: Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome
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Sterile Versus Nonsterile Gloves: Infection Risk and Cost Comparison in Corticosteroid Shoulder Injections.

Thomas Stanila1, Andrew L Chen, Dane H Salazar

  • 1From the Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL (Mr. Stanila), and the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola Medicine, Maywood, IL (Dr. Chen, Dr. Salazar, and Dr. Garbis).

Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global Research & Reviews
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For shoulder injections, using nonsterile gloves is as safe as sterile gloves and significantly more cost-effective. This study found no increased infection risk with nonsterile gloves in clinical practice.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedic surgery
  • Infectious disease prevention
  • Healthcare economics

Background:

  • Corticosteroid shoulder injections are common for orthopaedic conditions.
  • The infection risk associated with nonsterile versus sterile gloves for these procedures is not well-established in orthopaedics.
  • Existing literature in other medical fields suggests nonsterile gloves may be non-inferior in terms of infection risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if nonsterile gloves increase infection risk compared to sterile gloves for shoulder injections.
  • To evaluate the cost difference between using nonsterile and sterile gloves for shoulder injections.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 641 patients undergoing shoulder injections by a single surgeon.
  • Patients were divided into sterile glove (n=317) and nonsterile glove (n=323) groups based on the surgeon's transition during the study period.
  • Infection rates were assessed at 1, 3, and 6 months post-injection using ICD-10 codes; glove costs were obtained from institutional data.

Main Results:

  • No shoulder joint infections were recorded in either the sterile or nonsterile glove groups.
  • The study was adequately powered to detect a minimal infection rate difference of 0.012.
  • Nonsterile gloves were found to be 36 times less expensive than sterile gloves per injection.

Conclusions:

  • Nonsterile gloves do not increase the risk of infection for corticosteroid shoulder injections.
  • Despite significant cost savings, nonsterile gloves demonstrate comparable safety to sterile gloves in this orthopaedic setting.