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Related Concept Videos

The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

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Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood01:19

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Carbon dioxide (CO2) transport in the blood is critical to human physiology. On average, our body cells produce around 200 mL of CO2 per minute, precisely the quantity expelled by the lungs. This process involves the transportation of CO2 from the tissue cells to the lungs in three primary forms.
Forms of CO2 Transport
1. Dissolved in plasma: A small percentage (7-10%) of CO2 is transported and dissolved directly in the plasma.
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Carbon-dioxide Fixation01:28

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

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Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
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Bioremediation00:46

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Bioremediation is the use of prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. This process has been used to remove harmful toxins in groundwater as a byproduct of agricultural run-off and also to clean up oil spills.
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

Carbonation Shrinkage

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Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Monitoring Pedogenic Inorganic Carbon Accumulation Due to Weathering of Amended Silicate Minerals in Agricultural Soils.
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Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal and Storage.

Chang-Ho Lee1, Adam V Subhas2, Ju-Hyoung Kim3,4

  • 1Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea.

Chemical Reviews
|January 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The ocean absorbs nearly 30% of human-caused carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions annually. This review explores natural oceanic carbon storage and novel CO2 removal strategies like ocean alkalinity enhancement and macroalgae cultivation.

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Area of Science:

  • Oceanography
  • Marine Carbon Cycle
  • Climate Change Mitigation

Background:

  • Oceans are Earth's largest carbon reservoirs, storing carbon as bicarbonate ions.
  • The global ocean absorbs 2.6-3.0 petagrams of carbon annually, mitigating ~30% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions.
  • Understanding oceanic carbon cycling is crucial for climate change research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the natural uptake and storage of anthropogenic CO2 in the marine carbonate system.
  • To examine emerging marine CO2 removal strategies, focusing on ocean alkalinity enhancement and macroalgae-based approaches.
  • To highlight the need for robust monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) frameworks for CO2 removal efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of oceanic carbon cycling mechanisms.
  • Analysis of marine carbonate system responses to CO2 absorption.
  • Evaluation of proposed ocean alkalinity enhancement and macroalgae-based CO2 removal strategies.

Main Results:

  • The marine carbonate system plays a key role in buffering and storing absorbed CO2.
  • Ocean alkalinity enhancement aims to boost CO2 uptake by increasing seawater buffering capacity.
  • Macroalgae strategies leverage photosynthesis for carbon fixation and storage.

Conclusions:

  • The ocean is a critical natural sink for anthropogenic CO2.
  • Novel marine CO2 removal strategies show promise but require careful implementation.
  • Rigorous MRV frameworks are essential to validate the effectiveness and environmental safety of marine CO2 removal techniques.