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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Breath Collection from Children for Disease Biomarker Discovery
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Exhaled breath-based clusters in children with post-COVID condition.

Shahriyar Shahbazi Khamas1,2,3, Lieke C E Noij1,2,3,4, Jelle M Blankestijn1,2,3

  • 1Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Journal of Breath Research
|January 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers identified two distinct groups of children with pediatric post-COVID condition (PPCC) using exhaled breath analysis. Six volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were found to be key biomarkers for stratifying these PPCC patient phenotypes.

Keywords:
biomarkerbreathomicschildrenexhaled breathlong COVID

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Area of Science:

  • Metabolomics
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Pediatric Health

Background:

  • Pediatric post-COVID condition (PPCC) is a complex condition with varied symptoms.
  • Identifying distinct patient subgroups is crucial for effective management.
  • Exhaled breath analysis offers a non-invasive approach to disease characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify distinct phenotypes of pediatric post-COVID condition (PPCC).
  • To discover exhaled volatile organic compound (VOC) biomarkers for patient stratification.
  • To understand the metabolic underpinnings of PPCC heterogeneity.

Main Methods:

  • Unsupervised clustering of exhaled breath metabolites from 54 children with PPCC.
  • Comparison of identified clusters with clinical variables, including PROMIS fatigue scores.
  • Sparse Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (sPLS-DA) to identify discriminatory VOCs.

Main Results:

  • Two distinct PPCC phenotypes (clusters) were identified.
  • Cluster 2, with 16 patients, showed more severe outcomes and comprised older girls.
  • Six VOCs were identified as highly accurate biomarkers (AUROC=1) differentiating the two clusters, indicating metabolic and inflammatory disruptions.

Conclusions:

  • This study successfully identified two distinct PPCC phenotypes using exhaled VOCs.
  • Six VOCs serve as promising non-invasive biomarkers for stratifying PPCC patients.
  • Further research with larger cohorts is needed to confirm findings and explore underlying mechanisms.