User-centred prototyping solutions to solve adult critical care issues: a scoping review

How user-centred prototyping is carried out to solve adult critical care issues depends on the unique characteristics of this context. This review aimed to characterise prototyping in the context of critical care in terms of the types of prototypes developed, activities used to generate prototypes and settings in which prototypes were generated.

Four databases (PubMed, CINAHL, SCOPUS and IEEExplore) were searched for articles published from inception to 25 September 2025, in English, that involved prototyping to address issues in adult critical care. Two reviewers independently screened the search results to identify eligible articles and reviewed retained articles.

22 of 860 articles met the eligibility criteria. Role, look and feel, implementation and integration prototype types which combined two or more of these prototypes were identified. Prototypes addressing both role and look and feel were most common. 10 prototyping activities were reported, namely sketching, storyboarding, interactivity simulation, digitalising and adapting paper-based forms, rank ordering, building a functional device model, survey for item selection, card sorting, adapting a predeveloped high-tech prototype to a low-tech version, and revising existing workflow. Six of 22 articles reported multiple activities. Sketching was the most often used activity, and the in-person hospital setting was the most reported.

Overall, there was a lack of reporting on the details of the prototyping processes. Such details could help future researchers anticipate the unique challenges of prototyping to develop solutions to solve adult critical care issues, learn from prior successful experiences and better plan strategies to address these challenges.