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Updated: Jan 13, 2026
A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer
Published on: March 6, 2018
Radiographic progression-free survival as a surrogate endpoint for overall survival in first-line ARPi naïve
Elena Castro1, Stefanie Paganelli2, Di Wang2
1Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain.
Background:
Overall survival (OS) is the gold standard endpoint in oncology trials but requires long follow-up and may be confounded by post-protocol treatments. Radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS) is used as an earlier endpoint in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). This study evaluated the validity of rPFS as a surrogate for OS in first-line, asymptomatic/mildly symptomatic, androgen receptor pathway inhibitor (ARPi) naïve, mCRPC using methods recommended by Germany's Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG).
Materials And Methods:
A systematic search in Ovid® identified randomized controlled trials reporting both rPFS and OS. Trial-level rPFS-OS correlations of hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using bivariate random-effects meta-analysis (BRMA) and weighted linear regression (WLR). Correlation strength was interpreted per IQWiG criteria. The surrogate threshold effect (STE) was estimated to assess surrogacy. Leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) assessed model robustness. The primary analysis included trials meeting the proportional hazards (PH) assumption. Sensitivity analyses included trials violating PH and further excluded outliers outside the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in the correlation plot.
Results:
Eleven RCTs were identified. The primary analysis (n = 10 trials) yielded medium correlations (BRMA R2: 0.78 [95% CI: 0.53-0.90]; WLR R2: 0.65 [0.40-0.90]; STE: 0.83). Sensitivity analyses yielded medium (n = 11 trials) and strong (n = 8 trials) correlations. LOOCV showed good predictive accuracy (75%-82%).
Conclusion:
Results suggest rPFS is a valid surrogate for OS in first-line ARPi naïve mCRPC per IQWiG criteria. A statistically significant OS effect can be inferred for a trial demonstrating an upper confidence limit of HR < 0.83 in rPFS.
