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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

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Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Computational Modeling of Retinal Neurons for Visual Prosthesis Research - Fundamental Approaches

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Language assisted learnable hyperdimensional computing framework for retinal disease classification

Adnan Yaqoob Salik¹, Shehzad Khalid^2,3, Ramsha Ahmed⁴

¹Department of Electrical Engineering, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Scientific Reports

|January 6, 2026

Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

Keywords:

Hyperdimensional computing Large language models Ophthalmology Optical coherence tomography Retina

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