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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Esophageal Perforation-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:28

Esophageal Perforation-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

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Esophageal perforations manifest in various clinical forms, influenced by factors such as the perforation's cause and location (cervical, intrathoracic, or intra-abdominal), the extent of contamination, and potential injury to adjacent mediastinal structures. The timing between the perforation occurrence and treatment initiation also affects the clinical presentation.
Clinical Manifestations:
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Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management01:26

Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Patients with esophageal strictures often experience a range of symptoms. Initially, they may have difficulty swallowing solid foods, which can progress to include liquids. Additional symptoms may involve chest pain or discomfort, regurgitating food and fluids, heartburn, unintentional weight loss, coughing or choking during meals, and hoarseness.
Healthcare providers should gather a comprehensive medical history and conduct a physical examination for diagnosis. If esophageal stricture is...
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Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic01:26

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

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Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies.
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
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Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment01:30

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Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

A Controlled Mouse Model for Neonatal Polymicrobial Sepsis
14:54

A Controlled Mouse Model for Neonatal Polymicrobial Sepsis

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Sepsis Associated Necrotizing Enterocolitis (SA-NEC) in Preterm Infants: Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes.

Chinnathambi Nandakumar1, Chaitra Angadi1, Balaji Ramachandrin2

  • 1Department of Neonatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, 605 006, India.

Indian Journal of Pediatrics
|January 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Sepsis-associated necrotizing enterocolitis (SA-NEC) in preterm infants leads to worse outcomes, including higher rates of acute kidney injury, perforation, and mortality. Improved infection control and NEC prevention are vital for better infant health.

Keywords:
InfantInfant mortalityIntestinal perforationNecrotizing enterocolitisPrematureSepsis

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Pediatric Gastroenterology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a critical gastrointestinal emergency in preterm infants.
  • Sepsis frequently complicates NEC, leading to poorer clinical outcomes.
  • Limited data exist on NEC and sepsis from low- and middle-income settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the clinical spectrum and short-term outcomes of NEC in preterm infants.
  • To compare sepsis-associated NEC (SA-NEC) with non-sepsis-associated NEC (non-SA NEC).

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study of preterm infants with ≥ stage 2 NEC admitted between March 2022 and February 2025.
  • SA-NEC defined as NEC with culture-proven sepsis at illness onset.
  • Comparison of clinical outcomes between SA-NEC and non-SA NEC groups.

Main Results:

  • 55 infants with NEC (median gestational age 31 wk 1 d) were included; 54.5% had SA-NEC.
  • SA-NEC showed significantly higher rates of acute kidney injury (OR 9.75), perforation (OR 4.6), and mortality (OR 8.9) compared to non-SA NEC.
  • SA-NEC represents a more severe clinical phenotype with poorer outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Sepsis-associated NEC is linked to significantly worse short-term outcomes in preterm infants.
  • Enhanced infection control and comprehensive NEC prevention strategies are essential.
  • Improving outcomes for preterm infants with NEC requires addressing sepsis co-occurrence.