Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

1.0K
Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and...
1.0K
Acid-Base Balance01:25

Acid-Base Balance

2.2K
The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, it results in a condition called alkalosis. Conversely, a drop below 7.35 leads to...
2.2K
Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

1.8K
The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
1.8K
Acid&#8211;Base Titration: Overview01:26

Acid–Base Titration: Overview

17.3K
An acid-base titration is a technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base, using a titrant of known concentration–either a base for acid titration or an acid for base titration. The process involves gradually adding the titrant, leading to a predictable change in the pH of the solution. This change is plotted on a titration curve, showing how a solution's pH varies with the amount of titrant added. Such curves are instrumental in monitoring the...
17.3K
Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

103.1K
The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
103.1K
Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base01:30

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base

4.3K
In titrating a weak acid with a strong base, different calculation methods are applied at various stages. Initially, the pH of a weak acid like acetic acid is calculated using its dissociation constant (Ka) and an ICE table. Upon addition of a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, a buffer forms, and its pH is determined using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. As more base is added and the titration reaches the halfway point, the pH becomes equal to the pKa of the acid, indicating equal...
4.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Consensus paper on <i>Candida auris</i> by Türkiye EKMUD, ID-IRI, THSK of Ministry of Health of the Republic of Türkiye, KLIMUD, TMC, TARD, and TYBD.

Turkish journal of medical sciences·2025
Same author

As the Turkish Journal of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation Leaves Its 50<sup>th</sup> Anniversary Behind.

Turkish journal of anaesthesiology and reanimation·2024
Same author

Comparison of Two Different Positions for Ultrasound-Guided Intervertebral Distance Evaluation.

Turkish journal of anaesthesiology and reanimation·2023
Same author

Role of Sedation and Analgesia during Noninvasive Ventilation: Systematic Review of Recent Evidence and Recommendations.

Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine·2022
Same author

The 'Cross-Legged Foetal Sitting Neuraxial Position': Is it Beneficial?-A Prospective Randomised Clinical Trial Via Ultrasonography.

Turkish journal of anaesthesiology and reanimation·2020
Same author

Comparison of tramadol versus tramadol with paracetamol for efficacy of postoperative pain management in lumbar discectomy: A randomised controlled study.

International journal of clinical practice·2019

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate
06:47

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate

Published on: December 12, 2015

25.7K

Base Excess and Beyond: Evolving Concepts in Acid-base Analysis.

Özge Köner1, Tuğhan Utku1, Kubilay Demirağ2

  • 1Yeditepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, İstanbul, Türkiye.

Turkish Journal of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation
|January 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Base excess (BE) is a key indicator for metabolic acid-base disturbances and predicting mortality in critically ill patients. Simplified formulas now allow for rapid, reliable bedside assessment, enhancing clinical evaluation.

Keywords:
Acid-base equilibriumStewart approachalactic base excessbase excessmetabolic acidosismetabolic alkalosis

More Related Videos

In vitro Monitoring of Extracellular pH in Real-Time
10:11

In vitro Monitoring of Extracellular pH in Real-Time

Published on: June 3, 2021

2.1K
Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System
09:41

Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System

Published on: November 19, 2017

15.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate
06:47

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate

Published on: December 12, 2015

25.7K
In vitro Monitoring of Extracellular pH in Real-Time
10:11

In vitro Monitoring of Extracellular pH in Real-Time

Published on: June 3, 2021

2.1K
Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System
09:41

Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System

Published on: November 19, 2017

15.3K

Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Biochemistry
  • Renal Medicine

Background:

  • Base excess (BE) is a crucial marker for metabolic acid-base disturbances and mortality prediction in critically ill patients.
  • Traditional BE assessment relied on the Henderson-Hasselbalch model.
  • The Stewart approach offers a more mechanistic evaluation but involves complex calculations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of the Base excess concept.
  • To highlight simplified formulas for integrating BE with the Stewart approach for bedside assessment.
  • To introduce and explain the concept of 'alactic BE'.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the historical development of Base excess calculations.
  • Discussion of the integration of the Stewart approach with BE.
  • Explanation of simplified mathematical formulations for bedside use.
  • Definition and application of 'alactic BE'.

Main Results:

  • Simplified BE formulas enable more reliable, detailed, and rapid bedside evaluations.
  • The integration with the Stewart approach provides a more comprehensive mechanistic understanding.
  • 'Alactic BE' distinguishes between fixed acid retention and lactic acidosis, particularly in renal failure.

Conclusions:

  • The evolution of Base excess has led to more practical and informative clinical tools.
  • Simplified BE calculations integrated with the Stewart approach improve bedside assessment of acid-base disturbances.
  • The 'alactic BE' concept enhances diagnostic accuracy in patients with renal impairment.