Development and application of synthetic biology tools for improved production of human breast milk components

Human breast milk (HBM) is composed of various components that are crucial for providing essential nutrients and enhancing infant immune system. Recently, the synthesis of HBM components through microbial fermentation has garnered significant attention due to its potential to reduce production costs, simplify manufacturing processes, and mitigate environmental pollution. However, this approach results in low yield and is difficult to scale up at the industrial level. Therefore, various synthetic biology tools have been used to enhance the efficiency of HBM component synthesis. This review first summarizes several synthetic biology tools that may improve HBM component production. Next, we have summarized HBM component production using microbial cell factories. Finally, we have summarized the challenges and opportunities presented by the construction of cell factories for the synthesis of HBM using synthetic biology tools. This article therefore provides a general guide to the construction of microbial cell factories for HBM components.