Electromagnetic (EM)-Driven Functional Materials

Electromagnetic (EM) fields have been used in technologies such as communication, imaging, and energy transfer. In recent years, there has been growing interest in exploiting EM fields for the actuation of functional materials, enabling applications in soft robotics, biomedical devices, active metamaterials, and shape-morphing systems. These materials are often composites that incorporate EM-responsive components, granting them a remarkable versatility in responsiveness. Specifically, EM fields can induce actuation through static magnetic force and torque, Lorentz forces, or thermal effects via eddy currents and magnetic hysteresis losses. In addition, EM fields can be harnessed for sensing, wireless communication, and power transfer, extending their role far beyond actuation. The coexistence of such diverse mechanisms makes EM one of the most powerful and integrative external stimuli for multifunctional materials. This review provides the first holistic overview of EM-active material systems. We systematically organize recent progress in EM-based actuation, sensing, communication, and wireless power transfer, highlighting the fundamental principles, experimental demonstrations, and emerging design strategies. Approaches that integrate multiple EM-driven functionalities and the role of optimization and machine learning in advancing design and control are discussed. By consolidating these advances, this review establishes a roadmap for the development of next-generation EM-enabled intelligent materials and devices.