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Viral modulation of synaptic pruning: implications for neuropathology and brain function.

Shayan Aliakbari1,2, Sareh Asadi3, Mohammad Sayyah2

  • 1Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Cognition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Journal of Virology
|January 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Viral infections disrupt synaptic pruning, a key brain development process, potentially causing cognitive decline and neurodevelopmental disorders. Understanding this link aids in developing new therapies for virus-associated brain conditions.

Keywords:
complement cascademicrogliasynaptic densitysynaptic pruningviral infection

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Synaptic pruning is vital for refining neural circuits and cognitive functions like learning and memory.
  • Viral infections are increasingly recognized for their significant impact on nervous system processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular and cellular mechanisms of synaptic pruning.
  • To examine how neurotropic viruses affect synaptic pruning.
  • To elucidate the interplay between viral infections and synaptic pruning for insights into neuropathology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of molecular and cellular mechanisms.
  • Analysis of studies on viral impacts on synaptic processes.
  • Examination of immune system involvement (complement system, cytokines).

Main Results:

  • Viral infections disrupt synaptic plasticity, protein expression, and elimination mechanisms.
  • Disruptions are mediated by immune responses and altered protein expression.
  • Viral interference can lead to excessive synapse loss or retention, impacting cognitive function.

Conclusions:

  • Viral infections significantly impact synaptic pruning, contributing to neuropathology.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for addressing cognitive decline and neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • This review informs future research and therapeutic strategies in virology and neuroimmunology.