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Updated: May 1, 2026
26:48
Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Published on: July 4, 2007
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Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Clinical Features Associated With Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis
Leonardo Di Cosmo1, Smaila Mulic-Al Bunni2, Yihui Goh3,4,5
1Humanitas University, School of Medicine, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
Neurology(R) Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation
|January 7, 2026
Summary
Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis (AE) has distinct subtypes. Early immunotherapy significantly improves outcomes in these challenging neurological conditions, highlighting the need for better diagnostic tools.
Area of Science:
- Neurology
- Immunology
- Neuroimmunology
Background:
- Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis (AE) presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to clinical heterogeneity and lack of biomarkers.
- Characterizing phenotypes, treatment responses, and prognostic factors is crucial for managing this condition.
Purpose of the Study:
- To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data to characterize seronegative AE.
- To identify phenotypes, treatment responses, and prognostic factors in seronegative autoimmune encephalitis.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of 224 individual patient data from 30 studies (2014-2024) and a local cohort.
- Extracted clinical, paraclinical, immunotherapy, and outcome data (mRS, CASE).
- Utilized multivariate regression and dimensionality reduction for prognostic marker identification.
Main Results:
- Seronegative AE includes limbic encephalitis (LE) and antibody-negative probable AE (ANPRA) subtypes.
- Good outcomes (mRS ≤2) were more frequent in LE (68.1%) than ANPRA (50.0%).
- Delayed immunotherapy, older age, ANPRA subtype, underlying tumor, specific MRI findings, and refractory status epilepticus predicted poor prognosis.
Conclusions:
- Seronegative AE exhibits distinct clinical and prognostic subtypes.
- Early immunotherapy is a critical modifiable factor for improving patient outcomes.
- Further biomarker discovery and prospective studies are needed for better stratification and treatment strategies.
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