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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...
Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...
Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal,...
Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed to...
Rotational Motion about a Fixed Axis01:26

Rotational Motion about a Fixed Axis

A rigid body's rotation around a fixed axis makes every point within it trace a circular path around a specific line or point. The term given to this type of spinning is defined by the angular position, symbolized by the angle θ. This angle is gauged from a static reference line to the revolving object. From this angular position, any variation is referred to as angular displacement, denoted by dθ. The extent of this displacement can be calculated in degrees, radians, or revolutions, where one...

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Management of Tibial Rotation in Dogs with Medial Patellar Luxation Using Dynamic Antirotational External Fixation.

Massimo Petazzoni1, Luca Vezzoni2, Aldo Vezzoni2

  • 1Clinica Veterinaria Milano Sud, Peschiera Borromeo, Milan, Italy.

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology : V.C.O.T
|January 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A dynamic external fixator effectively treated medial patellar luxation (MPL) with tibial rotation in dogs. This method showed low recurrence and complication rates, proving useful for primary and revision surgeries.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Orthopedics
  • Canine Surgery

Background:

  • Medial patellar luxation (MPL) is a common orthopedic condition in dogs.
  • MPL can be associated with rotational tibial deformities, complicating treatment.
  • Current treatment options may have limitations in addressing both conditions simultaneously.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the clinical application and outcomes of a transarticular dynamic external skeletal fixator.
  • To assess the efficacy of this fixator in treating dogs with MPL and internal tibial rotation.
  • To determine complication rates and suitability as a primary or revision technique.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case series of 17 stifles in 15 dogs treated over 12 years.
  • Utilized a dynamic external fixator with femoral and tibial pins connected by elastic bands.
  • Included clinical and radiographic follow-up to assess patellar stability and tibial rotation.

Main Results:

  • Successful treatment in 12 of 13 dogs during the primary procedure, with no recurrence.
  • Average fixation duration was 8.2 days.
  • Four dogs required revision surgery, with no implant failures reported.

Conclusions:

  • The dynamic external skeletal fixator is effective for managing MPL with rotational tibial deformity in dogs.
  • This technique offers controlled correction with a low complication rate.
  • It is a viable option for both primary and revision surgical management of selected cases.