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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

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Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
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Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base01:23

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Titration of a polyprotic acid, which contains multiple ionizable protons, involves distinct dissociation steps, each with its own dissociation constant (Ka). Each successive Ka is weaker than the previous one. In the titration of a polyprotic acid like sulfurous acid with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, the base first neutralizes the initial ionizable proton, forming an intermediate species (e.g., hydrogen sulfite ions). This step's titration curve resembles that of a weak...
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Titration of a Polyprotic Acid02:08

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A polyprotic acid contains more than one ionizable hydrogen and undergoes a stepwise ionization process.  If the acid dissociation constants of the ionizable protons differ sufficiently from each other, then the titration curve for such polyprotic acid generates a distinct equivalence point for each of its ionizable hydrogens. Therefore, titration of a diprotic acid results in the formation of two equivalence points, whereas the titration of a triprotic acid results in the formation of three...
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Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols: Hydride Reduction01:17

Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols: Hydride Reduction

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Carboxylic acids, upon reaction with strong reducing agents such as lithium aluminum hydride followed by hydrolysis, undergo reduction to form primary alcohols.
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Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

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Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method
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Reducing Iron Oxide Content in Phosphoric Acid Using Polyacrylates and Phosphonic Acids.

Gustavo Paiva Ribeiro1, Sandra Cristina Dantas2, Eloízio Júlio Ribeiro1

  • 1Faculdade de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Avenida João Naves de Ávila 2121, Bloco 1 K, Campus Santa Mônica, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais CEP 38408-144, Brazil.

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|January 8, 2026
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Summary

Iron oxides in phosphoric acid reduce fertilizer quality. A diethylenetriamine penta (phosphonic methylene) (DTPMP) solution effectively removed iron oxides, improving the P2O5/Fe2O3 ratio by 59%.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Agricultural Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry

Background:

  • Phosphoric acid is crucial for phosphate fertilizers, but iron oxide contaminants decrease fertilizer quality and value.
  • Brazilian phosphate rocks, often from igneous sources, contain high iron oxide levels, posing processing challenges.
  • Complete iron oxide removal during industrial concentration is unfeasible due to phosphate loss.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate two compounds for removing iron oxides from phosphoric acid.
  • To improve the quality of phosphoric acid produced from high-contaminant phosphate ores.
  • To enable the utilization of phosphate rock concentrates with elevated contaminant levels.

Main Methods:

  • Tested a polyacrylate/phosphonic acid mixture and a 60% diethylenetriamine penta (phosphonic methylene) (DTPMP) solution.
  • Assessed iron oxide removal efficiency and impact on the P2O5/Fe2O3 ratio.
  • Determined optimal reaction conditions: 55°C, 14h precipitation time, 5.57% DTPMP (w/w).

Main Results:

  • The polyacrylate mixture showed limited effectiveness in contaminant removal.
  • The DTPMP solution acted as an effective iron chelating agent.
  • Fe2O3 content was reduced by 40%, and the P2O5/Fe2O3 ratio increased by 59%.

Conclusions:

  • Diethylenetriamine penta (phosphonic methylene) (DTPMP) is an effective chelating agent for removing iron oxides from phosphoric acid.
  • Optimized DTPMP treatment significantly enhances phosphoric acid quality for fertilizer production.
  • This method offers a viable solution for processing high-iron phosphate ores, improving economic feasibility.