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Related Concept Videos

Power and Energy01:12

Power and Energy

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The power and energy delivered to an element are subjects of great significance in the field of electrical engineering. It is a well-known fact that a 100-watt light bulb emits more light than a 60-watt one. Therefore, power and energy calculations play a crucial role in the analysis of electrical circuits.
Power, defined as the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, is quantified in units called watts (W). The relation between power and energy is mathematically given as
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Energy00:58

Energy

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The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy.  The different forms of energy on Earth originate from the Sun—the ultimate energy source. For instance, plants capture light energy from the Sun, and through the process of photosynthesis, convert it into chemical energy. This stored energy from plants can be harnessed in many ways. For example, eating plant products as food provides energy for our body to function, and burning wood or...
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Sustainable Development01:43

Sustainable Development

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As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet’s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a pathway to maintain and improve human life now while also ensuring that future generations will have the resources that they need. The long-term success of sustainability efforts rests on understanding the interplay between human actions and ecological systems.
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Energy Basics02:27

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Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter.
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Electrical Energy01:10

Electrical Energy

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Using electric appliances for a longer period of time consumes more electrical energy and results in a higher electric bill. The energy produced by the transfer of electrons from one point to another is known as electrical energy. If power is delivered at a constant rate, the electrical energy can be defined as the product of power used by the device for a period of time. The energy unit on electric bills is the kilowatt-hour, where one kilowatt-hour is equivalent to 3.6 × 106 joules.
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Energy Line and Hydraulic Gradient Line01:27

Energy Line and Hydraulic Gradient Line

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Based on Bernoulli's equation, the energy line (EL) and hydraulic grade line (HGL) provide graphical representations of energy distribution in a fluid flow system. For steady, incompressible, inviscid flows, Bernoulli's equation is expressed as:
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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production
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Charting net-zero pathways for ASEAN's energy sector.

Sheng Zhong1, Bin Su1,2, Dimitri Papageorgiou3

  • 1Energy Studies Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119620, Singapore.

PNAS Nexus
|January 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) can achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 via accelerated renewables or carbon capture and storage (CCS) with hydrogen. Both pathways require significant energy transition efforts.

Keywords:
ASEANelectricityenergy systems modelinghydrogennet zero

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Area of Science:

  • Energy policy and modeling
  • Climate change mitigation
  • Sustainable development

Background:

  • The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is pivotal in the global energy transition.
  • Achieving a low-carbon future necessitates effective decarbonization strategies within the region.
  • Investigating these strategies is crucial for meeting climate goals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model ASEAN's energy system to meet net-zero emissions by 2050.
  • To analyze pathways for decarbonizing electricity generation and hydrogen production.
  • To evaluate the roles of renewables, battery storage, carbon capture and storage (CCS), and hydrogen.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an hourly resolution capacity expansion model for ASEAN.
  • Integration of electricity generation and hydrogen production systems.
  • Scenario analysis of different decarbonization strategies.

Main Results:

  • Two primary decarbonization pathways identified: accelerated renewables/battery storage or expanded CCS/hydrogen.
  • Renewables could reach 95% and battery storage 28% by 2050 in one pathway.
  • CCS and hydrogen could reach 46% and 15% respectively, with CCS crucial for hydrogen production.
  • Grid connectivity impacts storage needs and flexibility requirements.

Conclusions:

  • ASEAN has viable pathways to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.
  • The choice between pathways involves trade-offs in technology deployment and system operation.
  • Findings support policymakers in navigating decarbonization strategies and scenarios.