Brown's Tumor of the Mandible Secondary to Hyperparathyroidism

Brown's tumor (osteitis fibrosa cystica) is a rare, non-neoplastic condition resulting from hyperparathyroidism (HPT). It is characterized by increased osteoclastic activity and bone turnover, which subsequently leads to the deposition of fibrous tissue. Although it generally affects long bones of the body, it can also affect facial bones, particularly the mandible. It can further mimic other fibro-osseous, infective, or malignant conditions. We report the case of a 67-year-old female patient with primary HPT. The initial swelling was found incidentally during an extraction. Radiographic imaging revealed root resorption of the adjacent teeth, while histological examination demonstrated the typical multinucleated giant cells. Elevated serum calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels confirmed the diagnosis of primary HPT and supported the clinical impression of a Brown's tumor. Brown's tumor is often a diagnostic challenge as it is misdiagnosed, particularly as a malignant lesion. Early detection is crucial in order to provide the appropriate treatment, not only for the lesions but also for the underlying HPT.