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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

3D Printed Porous Cellulose Nanocomposite Hydrogel Scaffolds
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Microbubble-Infused Hydrogel Scaffolds With Tunable Porosity for Regenerative-Medicine Applications.

Niloofar Ghasemzaie1,2,3, Basel A Khader1,2,4, Steven Tran1,2,3

  • 1Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part B, Applied Biomaterials
|January 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a scalable, biocompatible method for creating porous hydrogels using lipid-shelled microbubbles as porogens. This technique enhances nutrient transport and material properties without toxic residues, benefiting tissue engineering applications.

Keywords:
GelMAcytocompatibilityhydrogel scaffoldsmesenchymal stem cellsmicrobubblesregenerative medicinetunable porosity

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Hydrogel Engineering

Background:

  • Tissue-engineering scaffolds need porous structures for cell function and nutrient exchange.
  • Conventional porosity methods risk cytotoxic residues and material damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a scalable, cytocompatible method for tuning hydrogel porosity.
  • To utilize lipid-shelled gas microbubbles as transient porogens for controlled pore formation.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporating lipid-shelled microbubbles into alginate, PEGDA, and GelMA precursors.
  • Expanding microbubbles post-gelation using mild heat or vacuum to create porosity.
  • Integrating the method with microfluidic fiber production.

Main Results:

  • Alginate fibers showed a 74% increase in swelling capacity without strength loss.
  • PEGDA hydrogels exhibited faster degradation and tunable stiffness.
  • Mesenchymal stem cell viability was unaffected in porous GelMA hydrogels.

Conclusions:

  • This microbubble-based approach offers a versatile, scalable, and non-toxic strategy for hydrogel pore engineering.
  • Tunable porosity impacts material properties like swelling, degradation, and mechanics.
  • The method is compatible with various crosslinking chemistries and biomaterials.