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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Presynaptically Silent Synapses Studied with Light Microscopy
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Beyond Sight: Neuromorphic Synapses Triggered by Invisible Light.

Jisoo Park1, Kyounghoon Kim1, Eun Kwang Lee2

  • 1Department of Semiconductor Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|January 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Neuromorphic devices using invisible light (UV, IR, X-ray) enable in-sensor intelligence. This review categorizes these optoelectronic synapses, highlighting materials and mechanisms for advanced artificial intelligence applications.

Keywords:
invisible wavelengthneuromorphic devicesoptical plasticityoptical synapsephotodetectorsspectral selectivity

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Neuroscience
  • Electrical Engineering

Background:

  • Neuromorphic devices mimic biological synapses for in-sensor intelligence.
  • Visible-light systems dominate, but invisible spectra offer unique photon-matter interactions for optical plasticity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and analyze optoelectronic synapses operating under UV, IR, and X-ray illumination.
  • To organize fragmented research on invisible-wavelength neuromorphic devices.

Main Methods:

  • Categorization of optoelectronic synapses based on operating spectral region (UV, IR, X-ray).
  • Analysis of material systems (Ga2O3, perovskites, oxides, nanocomposites), device architectures, and synaptic behaviors.
  • Emphasis on physical mechanisms, spectral selectivity, and integration prospects.

Main Results:

  • Invisible-wavelength stimuli enable synaptic functions via persistent photoconductivity, defect ionization, and charge trapping.
  • Representative materials and their device performance metrics are highlighted.
  • Underlying physical mechanisms driving synaptic plasticity are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Invisible-wavelength optoelectronic synapses are crucial for intelligent imaging, radiation-tolerant electronics, and secure communication.
  • Outlook for scalable, multispectral, and energy-efficient neuromorphic platforms beyond visible light is provided.
  • Integration prospects for artificial retinas and multimodal sensing arrays are discussed.